Лексико-грамматические единицы

Грамматическая тема

Пример употребления в предложении

had

имел;

Past Participle II Active  (have): Причастие  II от have (действительного залога)

Nylon in particular proved revolutionary to the textile industry and led the way for a variety of synthetic materials that have had enormous social and economic impact.

had been

был;

Past Participle II Active  (have): Причастие  II от have (страдательного залога)

The carbon fibers industry had been dominated by fiberglass and boron fibers, which were extremely popular in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

hadn't

не имел;

The verb contraction had not: сокращение

разг. = had not  

During experiments a group of scientists identified several vapor components including glycidol — which hadn’t previously been identified in e-cig vapor — formaldehyde and acrolein.

hard

жесткий;
твердый;
трудный;
тяжелый;
сильный;

тяжело;
сильно;
упорно; 

1.The Adjective: Имя прилагательное

2.Adverb: Наречие

The researchers used a laboratory tube furnace under argon gas conditions to carbonize the product into a hard foam.

With the ubiquity of lithium-ion batteries in smartphones and other rechargeable devices, it’s hard to imagine replacing them.

hardly

вряд ли;
чуть;
едва;
едва ли;
с трудом;
еле;
насилу;
резко;
сурово; 

Adverb: Наречие

The description of synthetic detergents as the first big change in soap making in two millennia is hardly an exaggeration.

has

имеет;

1.The Simple Present: Настоящее простое время

2.The auxiliary verb - the third person  singular present of have: Вспомогательный глагол; третье лицо единственного числа настоящего от have

This synthetic approach has many advantages: films with optical quality and controlled thickness can be obtained using low temperatures and cheap raw materials, by using “green chemistry” synthetic routes.

Development of high Mn austenitic SSs by replacing high cost Ni with low cost Mn has gained a lot of significance during past decade or so.

has been

был;

The Present Perfect Passive: Настоящее совершенное время страдательный залог

The cost of making carbon fibers has been reduced drastically in the last 20 years, and researchers are bringing that cost down every day.

hasn't

не имеет;

The verb contraction has not: сокращение, разг. = has not

The result on five-membered aromatic heterocycles published so far, however, hasn’t included a study of isoxazoles as substrates in the Paternò–Büchi reaction.

have

иметь;

1.The Simple Present: Настоящее простое время

2.The auxiliary verb: Вспомогательный глагол;

To work in a chemical laboratory one must have the right personal protective equipment, including, at a minimum, appropriate eye protection, protective gloves, and a lab coat.

Corporate downsizings and outsourcing have provided the impetus for many entrepreneurial analytical chemists to start their own businesses.

have been

был;

The Present Perfect Passive: Настоящее совершенное время страдательный залог

Sample preparation methods, such as addition of salt, base or acid, have been developed to improve the headspace-SPME-GC-MS analysis of VOCs in urine samples.

have to

должен;
глагол;
быть должным;
быть обязанным;

Modal verb ‘must’ equivalent - have to: Эквивалент модального глагола must

Leaks and accidents happen every day at chemical facilities around the world, so the people living closely to the contaminated areas have to be evacuated.

haven't

не;

The verb contraction have not: сокращение, разг. = have not

Of the six known noble gases, only helium and neon haven’t formed compounds to date.

he

он;

Personal Pronouns; Third Person Singular: Личные местоимения; 3-е лицо единственное  число

Stahl believed that every combustible substance contained a universal component of fire, which he named phlogiston, from the Greek word for ‘inflammable’.

he'd

Contraction: he had, he would;

сокращение he had, he would;

He’d formed a polyester with a much higher molecular weight than before, about 12,000.

he'll

Contraction: he will, he would; сокращение he will, he would;

Dr. Hawke is going to be busy next few weeks, he’ll be working on a research proposal that observes the potency of certain plants to remove toxins from the air in urban environments.

hence

следовательно;
отсюда;
с этих пор;

Adverb: Наречие

If there is less IR emission, the energy balance of the planet is upset with more incoming than outgoing energy and hence the planet will warm.

her

ее; ей;

Possessive Pronouns: of she
Притяжательные местоимения: от she

Katherine Kim landed her first job after graduate school when a temp agency in Irvine, CA, matched her with a biotech start-up company that needed a polymer chemist.

here

здесь;
сюда;
тут;
вот;
вон; 

Adverb of Location
Наречие места

Here is the evidence of small-molecule regulation of mitochondrial permeability through direct binding of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel.

hers

ее;

Possessive Pronouns: of she
Притяжательные местоимения от she

Trey, who hails from New York City, made the trip overseas to join a research group with interests that were similar to hers.

herself

себя;
себе;
сама;

Reflexive pronouns: Возвратные местоимения, 3-е лицо единственное  число

By means of thorough scientific training and hard work Dr. Isenberg attained for herself a place in the scientific world above that ordinarily reached by a woman.

he's

Contraction: he is, he has;

сокр. разг.= he is, he has.

Jack Clarke is a passionate student, he’s made several presentations and given talks to local, regional, national and international chemical and science education conferences.

high

высокий;

1.The Adjective: Имя прилагательное

The diet consisting of high amounts of fat food without the flavanones increased the levels of cell-damage markers called thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.

highly

высоко;
очень;
весьма;
сильно;
чрезвычайно;
в высшей степени;

Adverb: Наречие

Scientists predicted that highly reactive atoms such as fluorine might form compounds with xenon, the heaviest of the noble elements and whose electrons, they observed, were not as tightly bound as those of the lighter gases.

him

ему;
его;

Personal Pronouns; Third Person Singular. Objective case he.

Личные местоимения; 3-е лицо. Объектный падеж he.

Carver's own success demonstrated to him the importance of economic development in raising the awareness towards pollution prevention.

himself

сам;
себе;

Reflexive pronouns: Возвратные местоимения, 3-е лицо единственное  число

Syntex was unable to make more progesterone because Marker not only had done the key operations himself but had coded the reagent bottles and left no directions.

his

его;

Possessive Pronouns: of  he
Притяжательные местоимения: от he

Fleming found that his "mold juice" was capable of killing a wide range of harmful bacteria, such as streptococcus, meningococcus and the diphtheria bacillus.

how

как;
каким образом;

что;

1.Adverb: Наречие
2.The Conjunctions: Союзы

Ancient inhabitants of North America didn't suspect how mescaline could harm their health, and used it for the religious purposes.

however

однако;
как;
как бы ни;
каким образом;

однако;
впрочем;
тем не менее;
как бы ни;
несмотря на то;
несмотря на это;
какой бы ни;

1.Adverb: Наречие

2.Complex Conjunctions: Сложные союзы

Recent developments that harvest water from air have been proposed as a solution, however, the technology to do so consumes a lot of energy.

However, challenge still lies in developing new photocatalytic systems, catalyst recovery, and the activation of inert C-O, C-Cl, C-H, and C-F bonds selectively.